Various Detergent Products ,
Origins
The place and time of the invention of bronze are controversial. It is possible that bronzing was invented independently in the Maykop culture in the North Caucasus as far back as the mid 4th millennium BCE, which would make them the makers of the oldest known bronze; but others date the same Maykop artifacts to the mid 3rd millennium BCE. However, the Maykop culture only had arsenic bronze, which is a naturally occurring alloy. Tin bronze, which developed later, requires more sophisticated production techniques; tin has to be mined (mainly as the tin ore cassiterite) and smelted separately, then added to molten copper to make the bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of heavy metal usage.
Near East
Main article: Ancient Near East
Bronze Age weaponry and ornament , steel ingot .
Periodization for the Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East is as follows , magnesium ingot .
Bronze Age
(33001200 BCE)
Early Bronze Age
(33002000 BCE)
Early Bronze Age I
33003000 BCE
Early Bronze Age II
30002700 BCE
Early Bronze Age III
27002200 BCE
Early Bronze Age IV
22002000 BCE
Middle Bronze Age
(20001550 BCE)
Middle Bronze Age I
20001750 BCE
Middle Bronze Age II
17501650 BCE
Middle Bronze Age III
16501550 BCE
Late Bronze Age
(15501200 BCE)
Late Bronze Age I
15501400 BCE
Late Bronze Age II A
14001300 BCE
Late Bronze Age II B
13001200 BCE
Mesopotamia
In Mesopotamia, the Bronze Age begins at about 2900 BCE in the late Uruk period, spanning the Early Dynastic period of Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, the Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian periods and the period of Kassite hegemony.
Ancient Egypt
In Ancient Egypt, the Bronze Age begins in the Protodynastic period, c. 3150 BCE.
Early Bronze Age
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate Period of Egypt
Middle Bronze Age
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (Hyksos)
Late Bronze Age
New Kingdom
Levant
Main article: Bronze Age Levant
Further information: Canaan, Pre-history of the Southern Levant, and List of archaeological periods (Levant)
Early Bronze Age
Ebla
Middle Bronze Age
Amorites
Late Bronze Age
Mitanni
Ugarit
Aramaeans
Anatolia
Main article: Bronze Age Anatolia
Hittite Empire
Arzawa
Assuwa
Persian Plateau
Further information: Persian plateau
Elam
Konar Sandal
Kulli culture
Tappeh Sialk
BMAC
Caucasus
Some scholars date some arsenical bronze artifacts of the Maykop culture in the North Caucasus as far back as the mid 4th millennium BCE.
Central Asia
The Altai Mountains in what is now southern Russia and central China have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon. It is conjectured that climatic problems in this region around the start of the second millennium BCE created ecological, economic and political changes which triggered a rapid and massive migration of peoples westward into northeast Europe and eastward into southeast China, Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4,000 miles. This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metal working technology and, in some areas, horse breeding and riding. It is further conjectured that this phenomenon may have been the medium through which the Uralic group of languages spread across Europe and Asia, ultimately producing 39 modern languages including Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Lappish.
Indus valley
Main article: Indus Valley civilization
The Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BCE with the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus Valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin.
The Indian Bronze Age ends at the start of the Iron Age Vedic Period (1500500 BCE). This is during the Harappan culture, which dates from 1700 BCE to 1300 BCE, that overlaps the transition period between the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age period. As a result, it is difficult to pinpoint the true end of the Indian Bronze Age.
Far East
China
A two-handled bronze gefuding gui, from the Chinese Shang Dynasty (16001046 BCE).
Historians disagree about the dates that should be attached to a ronze Age in China. The difficulty lies in the term ronze Age itself, as it has been applied to signify a period in European and Middle Eastern history when bronze tools replaced stone tools, and were later replaced by iron ones. In those places, the medium of the new ge made that of the old obsolete. In China, however, any attempt to establish a definite set of dates for a Bronze Age is complicated by two factors: the early arrival of iron smelting technology and the persistence of bronze in tools, weapons and sacred vessels. The earliest bronze artifacts are found in the Majiayao culture site (between 3100 and 2700 BCE), and from then on the society gradually grew into the Bronze Age
Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou (also Erh-li-tu) period, which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty. Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia (also Shia) dynasty. The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the eriod between about 2000 BC and 771 BCE, a period that begins with Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule. Though this provides a concise frame of reference, it overlooks the continued importance of bronze in Chinese metallurgy and culture. Since this is significantly later than the discovery of bronze in Mesopotamia, bronze technology could have been imported rather than discovered independently in China.[citation needed]
Chinese pu bronze vessel with interlaced dragon design, Spring and Autumn Period (722481 BCE)
Iron is found in the Zhou period, but its use is minimal. Chinese literature dating to the 6th century BCE attests a knowledge of iron smelting, possibly making iron a Chinese invention, yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this. Historian W. C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze t any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty (481 BCE) and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels all the way through the Later Han period, or through CE 221.
The Chinese bronze artifacts generally are either utilitarian, like spear points or adze heads, or ritualistic, like the numerous large sacrificial tripods. However, even some of the most utilitarian objects bear the markings of more sacred items. The Chinese inscribed all kinds of bronze items with three main motif types: demons, symbolic animals, and abstract symbols. Some large bronzes also bear inscriptions that have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China, especially during the Zhou period.
The bronzes of the Western Zhou period document large portions of history not found in the extant texts, and often were composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class. Further, the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve a permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts. These inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts: a reference to the date and place, the naming of the event commemorated, the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze, and a dedication. The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record.
Southeast Asia
Dating back to the Neolithic Age,the first bronze drums, called the Dong Son drums have been uncovered in and around the Red River Delta regions of Vietnam and Southern China. These relate to the prehistoric Dong Son Culture of Vietnam.
Song Da bronze drum’s surface, Dong Son culture, Vietnam
In Ban Chiang, Thailand, (Southeast Asia) bronze artifacts have been discovered dating to 2100 BCE.
In Nyaunggan, Burma bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artifacts. Dating is still currently broad (3500500 BCE).
Korean peninsula
Main article: Mumun Pottery Period
The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern Korean Peninsula gradually adopted bronze production (c. 700600? BCE) after a period when Liaoning-style bronze daggers and other bronze artifacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula (c. 900700 BC). The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high-status megalithic burials at south-coastal centres such as the Igeum-dong site. Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and as for mortuary offerings until 100.
Pontic-Caspian steppe
Main articles: Sredny Stog culture, Yamna culture, Catacomb culture, and Srubna culture
Europe
Main article: Bronze Age Europe
Central Europe
In Central Europe, the early Bronze Age Unetice culture (18001600 BCE) includes numerous smaller groups like the Straubing, Adlerberg and Hatvan cultures. Some very rich burials, such as the one located at Leubingen with grave gifts…
Lead Ingots ,
Uses
Ingots require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting or milling to produce a useful final product.
Additionally ingots (of less common materials) can be used as currency, or as a currency reserve.
Types of ingots
Metal
Metal heated past its melting point and cast into a bar or block using a mold. Additionally, the molds from which metal objects are cast may be called ingots.
Non-metallic ingots
Polycrystalline and single crystal ingots are made from semiconductor materials by pulling from a molten melt. Uses include the formation of photovoltaic cells by cutting the ingot into flats.
Single crystal ingots
See also: Boule (crystal)
Single crystal ingots (called boules) of materials are grown (crystal growth) using methods such as the Czochralski process or Bridgeman technique , aluminium ingots .
The boules may be either semiconductorsor the electronic industry, or non-conducting inorganic compounds for industrial and jewelry use, e.g., synthetic ruby, sapphire etc , steel ingots .
Single crystal ingots of metal are produced in similar fashion to that used to produce high purity semiconductor ingots, i.e. by vacuum induction refining. Single crystal ingots of engineering metals are of interest due to their very high strength due to lack of grain boudaries. The method of production is via single crystal dendrite and not via simple casting. Possible uses include turbine blades.
Historical ingots
Ancient copper ingot from Zakros, Crete. The ingot is shaped in the form of an animal skin, a typical shape of copper ingots from these times.
The mold of the Ancient Chinese gold and silver sycee, measured in tael. One of the Chinese names is .
Cultural references
The Chinese New Year food Jiaozi was made to symbolize the ingot.
The eighth letter in the Ogham alphabet is Tinne meaning “ingot”.
See also
Billet (manufacturing)ypically refers to a large ingot of less precious metal - both are forms of Bar stock
Gold bar
Tin ingot
Wafer etching
References
Notes
^ Chalmers, p. 254.
^ Indium ingots, lesscommonmetals.com.
Bibliography
Schlenker, B.R. (1974). Introduction to Materials, Jacaranda Press.
Chalmers, Bruce (1977). Principles of Solidification, Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-88275-446-7.
Categories: CastingHidden categories: Articles to be merged from April 2009 | All articles to be merged
Toner Cartridge (C4092A) for HP ,
Technology
Laser head from HP LaserJet 5L printer.
HP LaserJets employ electro-photographic laser marking engines sourced from the Japanese company Canon. Most early printers used internal firmware, controllers, associated software, and drivers developed internally by HP and were considered their “value add” to the standard printer engines.
The first HP LaserJet and the first Apple Inc. LaserWriter used the same Canon print engine. The internal engine evolution differences were mostly superficial, with the main difference being in the onboard RIP controller, and the user-interface evolution (discussed below). This sharing of an identical Canon engine in two competing products continued with the HP LaserJet II/III and the Apple LaserWriter II, which also used the same internal Canon print engines.
Beginning with the LaserJet 4000, HP nearly completely outsourced its print-engine evolution work to Oak Technology, now Zoran Corporation, among many other suppliers, creating a much greater divergence in print-engine evolution between Apple and HP , c900 toner .
Histor , cartridge chip .
1980s
The first laser printer for IBM Compatible personal computers was introduced in 1984 by HP as the LaserJet (now called LaserJet Classic). It was a 300-dpi, 8 ppm printer that sold for $3,495.
It featured an 8 MHz processor and the Courier typeface. It was controlled using PCL3. Due to the high cost of memory, the first LaserJet only had 128 kilobytes of memory, and a portion of that was reserved for use by the print engine. This rendered the LaserJet nearly useless for direct graphical image printing, with it only capable of printing a low-resolution 75-dpi image about 1 inch square before running out of memory (larger graphics were printed by having the printer driver stream the image to the printer in real-time as the rasterizor printed the page). It took approximately two minutes for the first page to print out.
Instead the first LaserJet was primarily intended for use as a high-speed professional replacement for text-only daisy wheel impact printers and dot matrix printers. By using control codes it was possible to change the printed text style using font patterns stored in permanent ROM in the printer. Although unsupported by HP, because the Laserjet used the same basic PCL language spoken by HP’s other printers it was possible to use the Laserjet on HP 3000 multiuser systems.
The LaserJet Plus followed in November 1985, priced at $3,995. It introduced “soft fonts,” treatments like bold and italic and other features including a parallel (Centronics) interface. It also included 512 kilobytes of memory, which was just enough to print graphics at 300 dpi that covered about 70% of the letter-size page area.
In March 1986, HP introduced the LaserJet 500, which featured high-capacity duty cycle of 1,000 pages a month. In 1986, desktop publishing came to the world of IBM PC’s and compatibles, after its origin on the Apple Macintosh and Apple LaserWriter. The HP LaserJet, along with Aldus PageMaker and Microsoft Windows, was central to the PC-based solution, and while lacking the perceived elegance of Apple’s approach, this multi-vendor solution was available to a mass audience for the first time.
HP introduced the world’s first mass market laser printer, the LaserJet series II, in March 1987, list priced at $2,695. Many 20-year-old LaserJet II’s (and its successor, the mechanically-similar LaserJet III) remain in use as reliable workhorses in offices and publishing houses; corroboration may be found by noting that LaserJet II toner cartridges remain one of the most popular toner cartridges at stationery and office supply stores. These printers are also often acquired used by individuals, thus avoiding sending the still-usable device to landfills. Also in March 1987, the LaserJet 2000 was launched. A high-end, networkable workhorse, the LaserJet 2000 offered a duty cycle of 70,000 pages per month and the standard 300-dpi output, initially priced at $19,995.
In June 1988, HP shipped its 1 millionth LaserJet printer.
In September 1989, HP introduced the first “personal” version of the HP LaserJet printer series, the LaserJet IIP. Priced at $1,495 by HP, it was half the size and price of its predecessor, the LaserJet II. It offered 300-dpi output and 4 ppm printing with PCL 4 enhancements such as support for compressed bitmapped fonts and raster images. Retailers predicted a street price of $1000 or less, making it the world first sub-$1,000 laser printer. The LaserJet IIP (and its successor, the IIIP) were extremely reliable except for scanner failures, diagnosable by the lack of the familiar “dentist drill” whine and a “52″ error displayed on the control panel; aftermarket replacement scanner assemblies remain readily available to this day.
1990s
HP LaserJet 4 series printer.
In March 1990 the newest model, the LaserJet III, priced at $2,395, was introduced with two new features: Resolution Enhancement technology (REt), which dramatically increased print quality, and HP PCL 5. Thanks to PCL 5, text scaling was easy, and thus customers were no longer restricted to 10 and 12-point type sizes. This had a dramatic effect on word processing software market.
The world’s first mass-market Ethernet network printer, the HP LaserJet IIISi, was introduced in March 1991. Priced at $5,495, it featured a high-speed, 17 ppm engine, 5MB of memory, 300-dpi output, REt and such paper handling features as job stacking and optional duplex printing. The LaserJet IIISi also was HP first printer to offer onboard Adobe PostScript as opposed to the font-cartridge solution offered on earlier models.
In October 1992, HP introduced its first printer with 600-dpi output and Microfine toner, the LaserJet 4, bringing publication-quality printing to the desktop. It was also the first LaserJet to ship with TrueType fonts, which ensured the printer fonts exactly matched the fonts displayed on the computer screen. Priced at $2,199.
In April 1994, HP shipped its 10 millionth LaserJet printer.
In September 1994 HP introduced the Color LaserJet, HP’s first color laser printer. The printer had an average cost per page of less than 10 cents. The Color LaserJet offered 2 ppm color printing and 10 ppm for black text, 8MB of memory, 45 built-in fonts, a 1,250 sheet paper tray and enhanced PCL 5 with color. Priced at $7,295.
In April 1996, HP introduced the LaserJet 5 family of printers. They offered HP PCL 6, an improved printer language for noticeably faster output especially with complex, graphics-intensive documents. They also featured 600-dpi output with REt, and a 12 ppm engine. Prices started from $1,629.
Also in 1996, HP introduced the network-ready LaserJet 5Si, a major revision and upgrade to the 3Si (IIISi) and 4Si, which were based on the Canon NX engine. The 5Si used the Canon WX engine, which enabled it to provide 11″x17″ printing at an unprecedented 24 pages per minute and at 600 dpi with resolution enhancement. An internal duplexer enabled full-speed double-sided printing. Automatic personality switching (between PCL and PostScript), a feature which first appeared on the 4SiMX, was standard on the 5SiMX. The 5Si series were true workhorses, but initial models were somewhat hobbled by a vulnerability to slightly low voltage (i.e. crashing if mains voltage was less than 120 Volts) as well as a weak clutch in Tray 3 (thus resulting in paper jamming for Tray 3 as well as the optional 2000-sheet Tray 4), and also a weak solenoid in the manual feed tray (Tray 1). These paper-handling issues were easily dealt with. Many 5Si LaserJets remain in service today.
In 1997, HP introduced the HP LaserJet 4000 family of printers. They offered features from the HP LaserJet 5 plus higher resolution of 1200DPI these are mostly used in offices, and most recently in people’s homes to mainly replace the HP LaserJet 4/5 series if the user have them previously, In 1999 HP released the HP LaserJet 4050 series that was identical to the HP 4000 but with a faster formatter and an easily-accessible paper-registration area. (This is the area where the paper is stopped, registered, and then advanced for printing. A flip-up cover here made clearing of this component easier.) The 4000 series, as well as the 4050 and the 4100, used duplexers of a partly external design.
The world first mass-market all-in-one laser device, the HP LaserJet 3100 was introduced in April 1998. Users could print, fax, copy, and scan with a single appliance.
In July 1998, HP shipped its 30 millionth LaserJet printer.
In February 1999, HP introduced the LaserJet 2100 printer series the world first personal laser printers in their class to offer high-quality 1200 x 1200-dpi resolution without significant performance loss.
In the network laser printer realm, the 5Si series was succeeded by the 8000, and later the 8100 and 8150. The 8000 brought 1200×1200-dpi resolution, which was continued in the 8100 and 8150. The 8100 and 8150 brought faster printing (32 pages per minute), but this speed was only realized for single-sided (simplex) printing; double-sided printing remained at 24 pages per minute. These models, which continued to use the Canon WX engine, continued the ability of providing excellent durability, combined with good maintainability.
2000s
HP LaserJet 1012, a low-end personal laser printer.
In December 2000, HP celebrated the shipment of the 50 millionth LaserJet printer.
In September 2001, HP entered the low-end laser printer market with the introduction of the LaserJet 1000. It was the first sub-$250 LaserJet and the lowest priced monochrome HP LaserJet printer to date. Offered 10 ppm, HP…
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Production
The most famous of the Last of the Summer Wine trios: From left to right: Peter Sallis as Norman Clegg, Brian Wilde as “Foggy” Dewhurst and Bill Owen as “Compo” Simmonite.
History and development
In 1972, Duncan Wood, at that time the head of BBC Comedy, watched a drama on television called The Misfit. Impressed by writer Roy Clarke’s ability to inject comedy into the drama, Wood offered Clarke the opportunity to write a sitcom. Clarke nearly turned the job down as he felt that the BBC’s idea for a programme about three old men was a dull concept for a half-hour sitcom. Instead, Clarke proposed that the men should all be unmarried, widowed, or divorced and either unemployed or retired, leaving them free to roam around like adolescents in the prime of their lives, unfettered and uninhibited.
Clarke chose the original title, The Last of the Summer Wine, to convey the idea that the characters are not in the autumn of their lives but the summer, even though it may be “the last of the summer”. BBC producers hated this at first and insisted that it remain a temporary working title, while the cast worried that viewers would forget the name of the show. The working title was changed later to The Library Mob, a reference to one of the trio’s regular haunts early in the show. Clarke switched back to his original preference shortly before production began, a title that was shortened to Last of the Summer Wine after the pilot show , jewelry pocket .
The Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of BBC’s Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973. The pilot, “Of Funerals and Fish”, received enough positive response that a full series was commissioned to be broadcast before the end of the year. Although the initial series did not do well in the ratings, the BBC ordered a second series in 1975 , food vacuum storage .
Filming
Barry Took, who had produced a series of ultimately unsuccessful documentaries for the BBC about working men’s clubs, was partially responsible for the choice of location for the exterior shots. The programme which drew the highest ratings of the series focused on Burnlee Working Men’s Club, a club in the small West Yorkshire town of Holmfirth and Took saw Holmfirth’s potential as the backdrop of a television show. Took’s idea was passed to James Gilbert and Roy Clarke via Duncan Wood, who was at that time filming Comedy Playhouse. Gilbert and Clarke then travelled to Holmfirth and decided to use it as the setting for the pilot of Last of the Summer Wine.
Though the exterior shots have always been filmed on location in Holmfirth and the surrounding countryside, the interior shots were, until the early 1990s, filmed in front of a live studio audience at BBC Television Centre in London. The amount of location work increased, however, as studio work became a drain on time and money. Under Alan J. W. Bell, Last of the Summer Wine became the first comedy series to do away with the live studio audience, moving all of the filming to Holmfirth. The episodes are filmed and then shown to preview audiences, whose laughter is recorded and then spliced into each episode to provide a laugh track and avoid the use of canned laughter.
The show uses actual businesses and homes in and around Holmfirth, including Sid’s Caf and Nora Batty’s house, a real Holmfirth residence owned by Sonia Whitehead. Although this has helped the Holmfirth economy and made it a tourist destination, tensions have occasionally surfaced between Holmfirth residents and the crew. One such incident, regarding compensation to local residents, prompted producer Alan J. W. Bell to consider not filming in Holmfirth anymore. The situation escalated to the point that Bell filmed a scene in which Nora Batty put her house up for sale.
In May 2008, The Times reported that Frank Thornton and Peter Sallis would no longer appear in outdoor scenes of future series because of the cost of insuring actors over the age of 80. Thornton and Sallis, both in their late eighties, will only film scenes indoors while younger actors film the outdoor scenes.
Crew
Every episode of Last of the Summer Wine is written by Roy Clarke. The Comedy Playhouse pilot and all episodes of the first series were produced and directed by James Gilbert. Bernard Thompson produced and directed the second series of episodes in 1975. In 1976, Sydney Lotterby took over as producer and director. He directed all but two episodes of the third series Ray Butt directed “The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper” and “Cheering up Gordon”. Lotterby directed two further series before departing the show in 1979. In 1981, Alan J. W. Bell took over as producer and director. Bell, in an effort to get each scene exactly right, has been known for his use of more film and more takes than his predecessors and for using wider angles that feature more of the local Holmfirth landscape.
In 1983, Lotterby returned to the show at the insistence of Brian Wilde, who preferred Lotterby’s use of tight shots focused on the trio as they talked rather than Bell’s wide-angle scenes. Lotterby produced and directed one additional series before departing again the same year. Bell then returned to the show beginning with the 1983 Christmas special and has produced and directed all episodes of the show from that time to the 30th series.
In 2008, Bell announced that he had quit as producer of Last of the Summer Wine. Citing differences with the BBC and his dislike of their indifference towards the series, Bell said, “I have now decided I will not do it again. I have had enough of the BBC attitude.” The announcement came following rumours initiated by Bell that the network would not commission another series of episodes following the 30th series and their indecision regarding a possible one-off special. However, on the 26th of June 2009, the BBC announced that it had recommisioned the show for a 31st series with Bell continuing as producer and director..
Music
Composer and conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst, who had also produced themes for such series as Are You Being Served? and Yes Minister, created the theme for the show. The BBC initially disliked Hazlehurst’s theme, feeling it was not proper for a comedy programme to have such mellow music. He was asked to play the music faster for more comedic effect but eventually his original slower version was accepted.
The theme, an instrumental work, featured lyrics three times. The 1981 Christmas special, “Whoops”, had two verses of lyrics written by Roy Clarke that were performed over the closing credits. The 1983 film, “Getting Sam Home”, used those two verses, with an additional two and played them over the opening credits. Another altered version was sung during Compo’s funeral in the 2000 episode “Just a Small Funeral”. Bill Owen also wrote a different version of the lyrics but this version has never been used during an episode of the show.
Composing the score for each episode until his death in 2007, Hazlehurst spent an average of ten hours per episode watching scenes and making notes for music synchronisation. Hazlehurst then recorded the music using an orchestra consisting of a guitar, harmonica, two violins, a viola, cello, accordion, horn, bass, flute and percussion.
Characters and casting
Main article: List of Last of the Summer Wine characters
Initially, the only certain cast member for the show was Peter Sallis. Clarke had already collaborated on a few scripts with him and the character of Norman Clegg was created especially for Sallis, who liked the character and agreed to play him. He was soon joined by an actor he had previously worked with, comedy actor Michael Bates, as Cyril Blamire.
“The joy of Bill Owen’s Compo is not what he does with the words but where he takes the character beyond what’s in the script. He did this in a physical manner. It was only when I saw Bill on screen that I realized what a wonderful physical clown he was.”
oy Clarke on Bill Owen and Compo
James Gilbert had seen film actor Bill Owen playing northern characters in the Royal Court Theatre and proposed to cast him as Compo Simmonite. Clarke, who initially saw Owen as an archetypal cockney who could not play a solid northern character as Compo was meant to be, only recognised Owen’s potential after going to London for a read-through with Owen.
On-screen chemistry with existing players determined the later changes to the cast. Brian Wilde, Michael Aldridge and Frank Thornton each brought a sense of completion to the trio after the departure of the preceding third man. Tom Owen provided a direct link between his father and himself after the death of Bill Owen. Keith Clifford was added following three popular guest appearances on the show. Brian Murphy was chosen as Nora Batty’s neighbour because of his work on George and Mildred, where he played the hen-pecked husband to a strong-willed woman.
In 2008, the BBC announced that Russ Abbot would join the cast as a relatively more youthful actor in series 30. Abbot was cast to allow Sallis and Thornton to reduce their role on the show to only indoor scenes. Abbot portrays Luther “Hobbo” Hobdyke, who forms a new trio with Entwistle and Alvin. Entwistle, played by Burt Kwouk, was formerly a supporting character brought in to replace Wesley Pegden after the death of actor Gordon Wharmby, but whose role on the show steadily increased in the previous two series.
The original cast of Last of the Summer Wine also included a handful of characters who the trio regularly interacted with. Kathy Staff was chosen to play Compo’s neighbour, Nora Batty. Gilbert was initially sceptical about casting Staff but changed his mind after she padded herself to look bigger and read…
,
yal Group Technologies is a large Canadian building supplies maker and plastics company. Based in Woodbridge, Ontario it also has operations in much of Latin America and in Poland and China. In recent years it has been plagued by scandals and financial loses.
The company was founded as Royal Plastics Group in 1970 by Vic De Zen. It quickly rose to become on of Canada’s largest plastic makers, specializing in PVC pipe, window profiles, and other plastics products. It had its own chemical plant in Bradford, Ontario and a large PVC recycling facility. The company developed the Royal Building System, a construction technique using PVC frames filled with concrete, that allows very sturdy structures to be constructured in only a few days. It also moved into other areas, such as lawn furniture. It also moved into metals with its Baron Metal subsidiary.
The company went public in 1994, and the stock rapidly increased and three years later De Zen’s own holdings were worth $600 million. Because of generous stock options some 200 other employees became millionaires as well. In 1997 the company was renamed Royal Group Technologies as sale grew to $2 billion per year.
In 2003 investors began to complain about the company, which was seeing falling earnings. De Zen retained over 80% of the votes at shareholders meeting, and continued to pay himself a multi-million dollar bonus. The stock price collapsed from over $30 to under $7 in little over a year. Losing money, it placed its money losing window coverings division under new management. In November 2003 De Zen resigned as CEO, being replaced by Douglas Dunsmuir. He remained chairman, and through his stock holdings control of the company. The stock recovered somewhat, increasing in value by over 70% over the next months.
However in February 2004 the Ontario Securities Commission and RCMP announced that they were investigating the company in connection with land deals in the Caribbean. The stock again fell sharply. This caused problems for Greg Sorbara, a former Royal Group board member, who had become Ontario’s finance minister in 2003. The investigation focused on De Zen Dunsmuir and former CFO Gary Brown. It was alleged that the Royal Group has defrauded shareholders in its relation with a resort owned by the executives on the island of St. Kitts , plastic door .
In November 2004 forensic auditors found another suspicious land deal in Canada in which De Zen and other executives had bought land and then resold it to the company. They found that a 75 hectare lot in Woodbridge had been purchased for $20.5 million and then resold to Royal Group that same day for $27 million. The company fired De Zen as chairman, Dunsmuir, and new CFO Ron Goegan. James Sardo was appointed as the new CEO. The scandal also affected Scotiabank, the company’s banker, which was subject to a high profile RCMP raid in February 2005 , steel insulated door .
In March 2005 De Zen relinquished control over the company when he exchanged his multiple-voting shares for common stock. This left the company an attractive target for a takeover attempt. It was reported that Cerberus Capital Management was preparing a $1.3-billion bid for the firm.
Georgia Gulf Corporation, a large PVC raw-material manufacturer, completed its acquisition of Royal Group on October 3, 2006.
External links
Official site
Categories: Manufacturing companies of Canada | Companies based in Vaughan
Vegetables ,
ng bean sheets
Fan pei stir-fried with pork
Chinese:
Literal meaning:
noodle skin
Transliterations
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:
fn p
Cantonese
- Jyutping:
fan2 pei4
alternative Chinese nam , adzuki beans .
Traditional Chinese , yellow split peas .
Simplified Chinese:
Literal meaning:
mung bean noodle skin
Transliterations
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:
l du fn p
Cantonese
- Jyutping:
luk6 dau6*2 fan2 pei4
Mung bean sheets are a type of Chinese noodle. It is transparent, flat, and sheet-like. They can be found, in dried form, in Hong Kong and occasionally in some Chinatowns overseas.
Production
Similar to cellophane noodles, mung bean sheets are made of mung beans, except they are different in shape. The sheets are approximately 1 cm wide, like fettuccine noodles. They are produced in the Shandong province of eastern China (where cellophane noodles are also produced), as well as in the northern city of Tianjin, and have a springier, chewier texture than the thinner noodles.
Use
Mung bean sheets are used for cold dishes, hot pots, and stir fried dishes, in conjunction with sliced meats and/or seafood, vegetables, and seasonings.
See also
Chinese noodles
Cellophane noodle
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Normex Needle Felts ,
History
Italy began production of olefin fibers in 1957. The chemist Giulio Natta successfully formulated olefin suitable for more textile applications. U.S. production of olefin fibers began in 1960. Olefin fibers account for 16% of all manufactured fibers.
This section requires expansion.
Major fiber properties
Olefin fibers have great bulk and cover while having low specific gravity. This means armth without the weight.1] The fibers have low moisture absorption, but they can wick moisture and dry quickly. Olefin is abrasion, stain, sunlight, and chemical resistant. It does not dye well, but has the advantage of being colorfast. Since Olefin has a low melting point, textiles can be thermally bonded. The fibers have the lowest static of all manufactured fibers and a medium luster. One of the most important properties of olefin is its strength. It keeps its strength in wet or dry conditions and is very resilient. The fiber can be produced for strength of different properties , felt products .
Production metho , non woven fabric .
The Federal Trade Commission’s official definition of olefin fiber is manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units3]
Polymerization of propylene and ethylene gases, controlled with special catalysts, creates olefin fibers. Dye is added directly to the polymer before melt spinning is applied. Additives, polymer variations and different process conditions can create a range of characteristics.
High pressure production, which uses ten tons per square inch, creates a film for molded materials. Low pressure production uses a low temperature with a catalyst and hydrocarbon solvent. This process is less expensive and produces a polyethylene polymer more suitable for textile use.
The polymer is then melted, spun into water, or air cooled. The fiber is drawn out to six times the spun length. Gel spinning is a new method in which a gel form of polyethylene polymers is used.
Physical and chemical structure
Physical
Olefin fibers can be multi- or monofilament and staple, tow or film yarns. The fibers are colorless and round in cross section. This cross section can be modified for different end uses. The physical characteristics are a waxy feel and colorless.
Chemical
There are two types of polymers that can be used in olefin fibers. The first, polyethylene, is a simple linear structure with repeating units. These fibers are used mainly for ropes, twines and utility fabrics.
The second type, polypropylene, is a three dimensional structure with a backbone of carbon atoms. Methyl groups protrude from this backbone. Stereoselective polymerization orders these methyl groups to the same spatial placement. This creates a crystalline polypropylene polymer. The fibers made with these polymers can be used in apparel, furnishing and industrial products.
Manufacturers
The first commercial producer of an olefin fiber in the United States was Hercules, Inc. (FiberVisions). Other U.S. olefin fiber producers include Asota; American Fibers and Yarns Co; American Synthetic Fiber, LLC; Color-Fi; FiberVisions; Foss Manufacturing Co., LLC; Drake Extrusion; Filament Fiber Technology, Inc.; TenCate Geosynthetics; Universal Fiber Systems LLC.
Trademarks according to fabric use
Producer Allied-Signal
A.C.E. Tire cord, furniture webbing
Producer DuPont
CoolMax Warm-weather and action wear
Hollofil, Quallofil Fiberfill and insulating fibers
Sontara Spunlaced nonwoven fabrics
Thermostat Cold-weather wear
Thermoloft - Fiberfill and insulating fibers
Tyvek - Used for house wraps to postal envelopes to clothing
Producer Trevira
ESP Apparel and furnishings
Celwet Nonwovens
Comfort Fiber Staple fiber for apparel uses
Loftguard Staple fiber for industrial uses
Polar Guard
Lambda Filament yarns with spun-yarn characteristics
Serene
Superba
Trevira HT Marine and military uses; ropes, cordages
Trevira ProEarth Recycled-content geotextiles
Trevira XPS - Carpeting
BTU Cold-weather apparel
Producer - 3M
Thinsulate - Cold-weather action wear
Uses
Apparel
Sports & active wear, socks, thermal underwear; lining fabrics.
Home Furnishing
Olefin can be used by itself or in blends for indoor and outdoor carpets and carpet tiles, carpet backing. The fiber can also be used in upholstery, draperies, wall coverings, slipcovers, and floor coverings.
Automotive
Olefin can be used for interior fabrics, sun visors, arm rests, door and side panels, trunks, parcel shelfs, and resin replacement as binder fibers.
Industrial
In an industrial setting, olefin creates carpets; ropes, geo-textiles that are in contact with the soil, filter fabrics, bagging, concrete reinforcement, and heat-sealable paper (e.g. tea- and coffee-bags).
Care procedures
Dry cleaning Olefin is not recommended, because many dry-cleaning solvents can swell the fibers. As Olefin dries quickly, line drying and low tumble drying with little or no heat is the recommended method of drying. Since Olefin is not absorbent, waterborne stains do not present a problem. However, oily stains are difficult to remove. Most such stains can be removed with lukewarm water and detergent, but bleach can also be used. Olefin fiber has a low melting point (around 225 to 335 F, depending on the polymer’s grade) so items should be ironed at a very low temperature, if at all. Items such as outdoor carpets and other fabrics can be hosed off. Olefin is easy to recycle.
See also
Alkene
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Kadolph, Sara J., Langford, Anna L., (2002), Textile, Ninth Edition., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall pp 109-113
^ a b Hegde, Dahiya, Kamath, Raghavendra R., Atul, M. G.; Haoming Rong & Monika Kannadaguli (April, 2004), [ Olefin Fiber], , retrieved on 2007-06-20
^ a b FiberSource: The Manufactured Fiber Industry
^ Kadolph, Sara J.(2007), Textile, Tenth Edition., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall pp 143
v d e
Fibers
Natural
Animal
Alpaca Angora Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Llama Mohair Rabbit Silk Sinew Spider silk Wool Yak
Vegetable
Abac Bamboo Coir Cotton Flax Hemp Jute Kenaf Pia Raffia Ramie Sisal Wood
Mineral
Asbestos Basalt Mineral wool Glass wool
Cellulose
Acetate Art silk Bamboo Lyocell Modal Rayon Tencel
Synthetic
Acrylic Aramid (Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex) Carbon (Tenax) Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene (Dyneema Spectra) Spandex Vinalon Zylon
Categories: Synthetic fibersHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from January 2007 | All articles to be expanded
Breathable Roofing Felt ,
Construction
Felt is made by a process called wet felting, where the natural wool fiber is stimulated by friction and lubricated by moisture (usually soapy water), and the fibers move at a 90 degree angle towards the friction source[clarification needed] and then away again, in effect making little “tacking” stitches. Only 5% of the fibers are active at any one moment, but the process is continual, and so different ’sets’ of fibers become activated and then deactivated in the continual process.
This “wet” process utilizes the inherent nature of wool and other animal hairs, because the hairs have scales on them which are directional. The hairs also have kinks in them, and this combination of scales (like the structure of a pine cone) is what reacts to the stimulation of friction and causes the phenomenon of felting. It tends to work well with woolen fibers as their scales, when aggravated, bond together to form a cloth.
Felting is done by a chemical process in industry. It is also done with special felting needles, which grab individual fibers and drag them against their neighbors, thereby binding them. Felting may also be done in a domestic washing machine on a hot cycle.
From the mid-17th to the mid-20th centuries, a process called “carroting” was used in the manufacture of good quality felt for making men’s hats. Beaver, rabbit or hare skins were treated with a dilute solution of the mercury compound mercuric nitrate. The skins were dried in an oven when the thin fur at the sides went orange - carrot color. Pelts were stretched over a bar in a cutting machine and the skin sliced off in thin shreds, the fleece coming away entirely. The fur was blown onto a cone-shaped colander, treated with hot water to consolidate it, the cone peeled off and passed through wet rollers to cause the fur to felt. These ‘hoods’ were then dyed and blocked to make hats. This toxic solution and the vapors it produced resulted in widespread cases of mercury poisoning among hatters. The United States Public Health Service banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in December 1941 , pp non woven .
Knitted woolen garments which shrink in a hot machine wash can be said to have felted, but have actually been “fulled”. Felting differs from fulling in the sense that fulling is done to fabric whereas felting is done to fibers that are not in fabric form. Modern fulling is an example of how the fibers bond together when combined with the movement of the washing machine, the heat of the water, and the addition of soap , game table cover .
Cheaper felt is usually artificial. Artificial felt, if made using the wet method, has a minimum of 30% of wool fibers combined with other artificial fibers. This is the minimum required to hold a fabric together with the fibers alone. It would be difficult to achieve a stable fabric by hand at this ratio. All other wholly artificial felts are actually needle-felts.
Loden is a type of felt originally worn in the Alpine regions, which has recently gained worldwide acceptance as a textile for fine and durable clothing.
An alternative way of creating felt is to have a steam roller go over the unwoven fabrics in a shallow pool of water with the cloths rotating as the steam roller goes over it. This method is widely used in small towns in India where mass manufacturing of clothing is done.
Uses
Felt is used everywhere from the automotive industry, to children’s story telling, to musical instruments all the way to house building. It is often used as a damper. In the automotive industry, for example, it damps the vibrations between interior panels and also stops dirt entering into some ball/cup joints. A felt-covered board can be used in storytelling to small children. Small felt animals, people or other objects will adhere to a felt board, and in the process of telling the story, the storyteller also acts it out on the board with the animals or people. Puppets can also be made with felt. While a woven (not felted) fabric is less expensive and more commonly used, felt is used on professional or tournament billiards table to cover the slate surface. German artist Josef Beuys used felt in a number of works. In the early part of the 20th century, felt hats like fedoras, trilbies and homburgs were worn by many men in the western world.
Many musical instruments use felt. On drum cymbal stands it protects the cymbal from cracking and ensures a clean sound. It is used to wrap bass drum and timpani mallets. Piano hammers are made of wool felt around a wooden core. The density and springiness of the felt is a major part of what creates a piano’s tone. As the felt becomes grooved and “packed” with use and age, the tone suffers. Felt is placed under the piano keys on accordions to control touch and key noise: it is also used on the pallets to silence notes not sounded by preventing air flow. Though the ukulele is most commonly plucked, the pick, or plectrum, is made of felt.
Needle felting is a popular fiber arts craft conducted without the use of water. Special barbed felting needles that are used in industrial felting machines are used by the artist as a sculpting tool. Using a single needle or a small group of needles (2-5) in a hand held tool, these needles are used to sculpt the wool fiber. The barbs catch the scales on the fiber and push them through the layers of wool tangling them and binding them together much like the wet felting process. Fine details can be achieved using this technique and it is popular for 3D felted work.
See also
Fuzzy felt
Roofing felt
Valenki
Nuno felting
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to (category):
Felt
Pressed Wool Felt- How felt is Made, History, Different types of Felt
International Feltmakers Association
Kyrgyz Thick Felt
Felting news - Felting news and reviews
v d e
Fabric
Woven:
Barathea Barkcloth Batiste Bedford cord Bengaline silk Bombazine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Cloth of gold Duck Coutil Crape Cretonne Dazzle Denim Dimity Dowlas Drill Foulard Flannel Gabardine Gauze Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Grosgrain Habutai Haircloth Harris Tweed Herringbone Himroo Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Khd Khaki Khaki drill Kente cloth Lam Lawn Linsey-woolsey Loden Madapolam Madras Moleskin Moquette Muslin Nainsook Nankeen Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Percale Pongee Poplin Rayadillo Rep Ripstop Ripstop nylon Russell cord Saga Nishiki Samite Sateen Satin Saye Scarlet Seersucker Serge Scrim Stuff Taffeta Toile Tweed Twill Ventile Viyella Voile Whipcord
Figured woven:
Brocade Camlet Damask Songket
Pile woven:
Baize Chenille Corduroy Crimplene Fustian Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasa Velvet Velveteen Zibeline
Nonwoven:
Felt
Knitted:
Coolmax Machine knitting Milliskin Jersey Velour
Netted:
Bobbinet Carbon fiber Fishnet Lace Mesh Needlerun Net Ninon Tulle
Technical:
Ban-Lon Darlexx Gore-Tex Smartwool Silnylon Spandex SympaTex
Patterns:
Argyle Herringbone Houndstooth Paisley Plaid Tartan
Textile fibers:
Acrylic Alpaca Angora Cashmere Chamois Coir Cotton Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfiber Olefin Pashmina Polyester Pia Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool
Finishing and printing:
Batik Bglanfini Calendering Finishing Fulling Mercerization Moire Roller printing Textile printing Woodblock printing
Related:
Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Terminology Manufacturing Preservation Weaving Yarn
Categories: Nonwoven fabrics | Building materialsHidden categories: All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2009
big white kidney beans ,
History
Bindaetteok first appears under the name binjatteok in the Eumsik dimibang, a cooking encyclopedia written in the 1670s by Mrs. Jang, the wife of a public officer. The dish was originally prepared by frying a mixture of water-soaked and ground mung beans, pork, bracken fern, mung bean sprouts, and cabbage kimchi. This food uses honey for seasoning, and meat was put on the bindaetteok. Rich people ate meat and poor people ate bindaetteok. Therefore, this dish was called bindaebyeong (; literally “poor person’s pancake”).
Ingredients
1/2 cup mung beans, soaked overnight 1 large egg 1/4 cup cabbage kimchi 1/2 tbsp toasted sesame oil 1/4 tsp salt Meat, usually beef, can also be added as an ingredient. In Korean restaurants, this dish is served with a small side serving of dipping sauce made of soy sauce, minced green onions, chili pepper flakes and some vinegar.
See also
Jeo , green coffee beans .
Pajeo , black eye beans .
Korean cuisine
References
^ Korean Food Series (5th Issue) http://www.pennfamily.org/KSS-USA/20050615-2440.htm
^ Verdant San Francisco: Bindaetteok
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bindaetteok
(Korean) General information about Bindaetteok at Doosan Encyclopedia: Encyber
(Korean) Brief information about Bindaetteok at DAUM encyclopedia
(Korean) Origin and brief information about Bindaetteok at empas/ EncyKorea
Categories: JeonHidden categories: Articles containing Korean language text | Articles containing non-English language text
Uht Beverages (2) ,
In China
Naming
In Chinese, the most commonly used names are:
fn s (): with fn meaning “powder” and s meaning “thread”
dng fn (): with the literal meaning of “winter powder”
They are also marketed under the name saifun, the Cantonese pronunciation of the Mandarin x fn (; literally “slender powder”), though the name fan2 si1 () is the term most often used in Cantonese.
Production
In China, the primary site of production of cellophane noodles is the town of Zhangxing, in the city of Zhaoyuan (), which is administered by the prefecture-level city of Yantai, in the eastern province of Shandong. However, historically, the noodles were shipped through the port of Longkou (which is also under the administration of Yantai), and thus the noodles are known and marketed as Longkou fensi (simplified: ; traditional: ).
Use
Cellophane noodles have a clear see-through color when cooked. It is generally much longer than rice vermicelli.
Ants climbing a tree ()
Japchae ()
In China, cellophane noodles are usually made of mung bean starch and are a popular ingredient used in stir fries, soups, and particularly hot pots. They can also be used as an ingredient in fillings for a variety of Chinese jiaozi (dumplings) and bing (flatbreads), especially in vegetarian versions of these dishes. Thicker cellophane noodles are also commonly used to imitate the appearance and texture of shark’s fin in vegetarian soups. Thicker varieties, most popular in China’s northeast, are used in stir fries as well as cold salad-like dishes. A popular soup using the ingredient is fried tofu with thin noodles (; pinyin: yu du fu-xin fn tng). A popular Sichuan dish called ants climbing a tree (; m y shng sh) consists of stewed cellophane noodles with a spicy ground pork meat sauce.
Health concerns
In 2004, testing by Chinese authorities determined that some brands of cellophane noodles produced in Yantai, Shandong were contaminated with lead. It emerged that several unscrupulous companies were making their noodles from cornstarch instead of mung beans in order to save costs, and, to make the cornstarch transparent, were adding lead-based whiteners to their noodles. In December 2006, Beijing authorities again inspected cellophane noodles produced by the Yantai Deshengda Longkou Vermicelli Co. Ltd. in Siduitou village, Zhangxing town, Zhaoyuan city, Yantai, this time determining that sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, a toxic and possibly carcinogenic industrial bleach which is an illegal food additive in China, had been used in the production of the noodles. The company, which formerly sold its noodles both in China as well as overseas, was ordered to cease production and distribution.
Outside Chin , bean soya .
In Indonesian cuisine, they are called soun or suun, and in Malaysia they are known as tanghoon. Sometimes, people confuse them with bihun which are rice vermicelli , non gmo soy .
In Filipino cuisine, the noodles are called sotanghon because of the popular dish of the same name made from them using chicken and wood ears. These noodles are often confused with rice vermicelli, which are called bihon in the Philippines.
In Japanese cuisine, they are called harusame (), literally “spring rain.” Unlike Chinese glass noodles, they are usually made from potato starch. They are commonly used to make salads, or as an ingredient in hot pot dishes. They are also often used to make Japanese adaptations of Chinese and Korean dishes.
In Pakistan, glass noodles are called saewiyan, and are always used in desserts. They are usually boiled with sweetened milk (and cream) with dried nuts and are sometimes coated with chandi varak (edible silver leaf) usually served on religious occasions. They are also eaten with falooda, which could be bought from numerous food stalls throughout Pakistan.
In Korean cuisine, glass noodles are usually made from sweet potato starch and are called dangmyeon (hangul: ; hanja: ; literally “Tang noodles”; also spelled dang myun, dangmyun, tang myun, or tangmyun). They are commonly stir-fried in sesame oil with beef and vegetables, and flavoured with soy and sugar, in a popular dish called japchae (hangul: ). They are usually thick, and are a brownish-gray color when in their uncooked form.
In Vietnamese cuisine, there are two varieties of cellophane noodles. The first, called bn tu or bn to, are made from mung bean starch, and were introduced by Chinese immigrants. The second, called mi, are made from canna (Vietnamese: dong rig), and were developed in Vietnam. These cellophane noodles are a main ingredient in the dishes: mi g, mi ln, mi mng v, and mi cua. These cellophane noodles are sometimes confused with rice vermicelli (Vietnamese: bn) and arrowroot starch noodles (Vietnamese: b hong tinh or b m tinh).
In Thai cuisine, glass noodles are called woon sen (). They are commonly mixed with pork and shrimp in a spicy salad called yum woon sen (), or stir-fried as pad woon sen ().
In Hawaii, where cuisine is heavily influenced by Asian cultures, cellophane noodles are known locally as long rice, supposedly because the process of making the noodles involves extruding the starch through a potato ricer. They are used most often in chicken long rice, a dish of cellophane noodles in chicken broth that is often served at luaus.
See also
Chinese noodles
Rice vermicelli
Ants climbing a tree
Noodles
Nokdumuk
Shirataki noodles
Mongolian beef
Douzhi
References
^ made-in-china.com import export
^ China.org.cn 94745
^ English.cri.cn 2006
^ Epochtimes news 6-12-14
^ health.enorth.com.cn
^ http://chinaview.wordpress.com
^ Starbulletin
^ http://onokinegrindz.typepad.com
External links
Cook’s Thesaurus: Other Asian Noodles
Categories: Noodles | Chinese noodles | Filipino cuisine | Japanese ingredients | Korean noodles | Vietnamese noodlesHidden categories: Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing Japanese language text | Articles containing Korean language text | Articles containing Thai language text | Articles containing Vietnamese language text | Articles containing non-English language text
